Akita: A Guide to the Loyal, Courageous Dog

Akita dogs are a majestic breed known for their loyalty, courage, and striking appearance. Originally from the mountainous regions of Japan, these Spitz-type dogs have captured the hearts of dog lovers worldwide. This comprehensive guide will delve into the history, temperament, physical characteristics, health, care, training, and suitability of Akita dogs for different homes and families.

History of the Akita Breed

The Akita’s history is deeply intertwined with Japan’s culture and traditions. Their ancestors, known as Matagi dogs, were invaluable companions to the Matagi hunters in the snowy regions of Japan. These dogs were revered for their strength, endurance, and ability to hunt large game, such as wild boar and deer, in challenging mountainous terrain.

During the Edo period (1603-1867), the ruling Satake clan in the Akita region of Japan promoted dogfighting, and Akitas were often used in these contests. This period saw the development of the Akita as a guard dog and fighting dog, prized for its courage and tenacity. It is important to note that there are two separate varieties of Akita: a pure Japanese strain, called Akita Inu or Akita-ken, and a larger mixed strain, commonly referred to as the “American Akita”.

The Meiji Restoration in 1868 brought about significant changes in Japanese society, leading to increased crossbreeding of Akitas with other breeds, such as the Tosa Inu, to enhance their size and fighting abilities. This crossbreeding nearly led to the disappearance of the Akita’s distinctive traits. Efforts to preserve the breed began in the early 20th century, with the establishment of the Akitainu Hozonkai (AKIHO) in 1927, the world’s first Akita preservation society dedicated to maintaining the breed’s standards. In 1931, the Akita was officially declared a Natural Monument of Japan.

World War II had a devastating impact on the Akita population. The Japanese government ordered the culling of non-military dogs, and many Akitas were killed for their fur, which was used to line soldiers’ coats. Some owners desperately tried to save their Akitas by crossbreeding them with German Shepherds, who were exempt from the culling due to their military use. As a result, only a small number of purebred Akitas remained after the war.

Post-war, dedicated breeders like Morie Sawataishi played a crucial role in reviving the breed. They worked tirelessly to restore the Akita to its original spitz-type, focusing on characteristics such as small, erect ears and a curled tail. The Akita breed was also used during the Russo-Japanese War to track prisoners of war and lost sailors.

The Akita’s journey to the United States began with Helen Keller, who received an Akita named Kamikaze-go as a gift during her visit to Japan in 1937. Tragically, Kamikaze-go died young, but the Japanese government sent Keller another Akita, Kenzen-go. Keller became an advocate for the breed, further introducing Akitas to America. American servicemen stationed in Japan during the postwar occupation also brought Akitas back to the U.S., contributing to the breed’s growing popularity.

Today, there are two recognized Akita breeds: the Japanese Akitainu and the American Akita. While both share common ancestry, they have developed distinct physical characteristics.

Perhaps the most famous Akita is Hachikō, whose unwavering loyalty to his owner, Professor Ueno, touched hearts worldwide. Hachikō waited for his owner at Shibuya Station every day for nine years after Ueno’s death, becoming a symbol of loyalty and devotion. A bronze statue stands in his honor at the Shibuya train station.

Comparing the American Akita and Japanese Akita (Akita Inu)

While the American Akita and the Japanese Akita, also known as the Akita Inu, share a common ancestry, they differ in several key aspects due to the distinct breeding goals adopted after World War II. Each type reflects the preferences and priorities of the regions where they were developed.

Size and Build

One of the most noticeable differences lies in their size and build. American Akitas are larger and more heavily boned, with a robust, bear-like appearance. On the other hand, Japanese Akitas feature a more refined, fox-like build that highlights their spitz ancestry. This divergence in physical structure reflects the differing emphasis placed on power versus elegance in their breeding histories.

Coat Colors

The variety of coat colors also sets these two types apart. American Akitas boast a wide range of coat colors and patterns, including black, white, brindle, and pinto. Conversely, Japanese Akitas exhibit a more restricted palette, typically in shades of red, fawn, or brindle, all with urajiro markings—distinct cream or white accents on the face, chest, and underneath the body.

Head Shape and Facial Features

The head and facial structure of these dogs further highlight their differences. American Akitas possess a broader head, a shorter muzzle, and deep-set eyes that give them a more imposing appearance. Additionally, many American Akitas feature a black mask around their muzzle. Japanese Akitas, by contrast, have a narrower, fox-like head with almond-shaped eyes and a longer muzzle. They lack the black mask, contributing to their distinct look.

Tail Curl

Another subtle but distinct difference is the tail. American Akitas are known for their looser tail curl that may drape slightly over their backs. Japanese Akitas, staying true to their spitz-type heritage, have a tighter, more compact tail curl that lies neatly against the back.

Divergent Breeding Paths

These distinctions are largely a result of the divergent breeding practices following World War II. American breeders prioritized size and strength, producing a dog that is larger, powerful, and versatile. Japanese breeders, on the other hand, focused on preserving the Akita’s original spitz-like characteristics, leading to a sleeker, more traditional appearance rooted in Japan’s cultural heritage.

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Temperament and Personality Traits

Akitas are known for their complex and fascinating personalities. They are often described as:

Loyal and Affectionate: Akitas form strong bonds with their families and are deeply devoted to their loved ones.
Independent and Strong-Willed: Akitas can be independent and strong-willed, requiring experienced owners who can provide consistent training and leadership.
Protective and Alert: With their guarding instincts, Akitas are naturally protective of their family and home, making them excellent watchdogs.
Faithful, Intelligent, Composed, Receptive, Stubborn, Courageous: These traits further illustrate Akita’s well-rounded personality.

It’s important to note that Akitas are not typically recommended for first-time dog owners due to their strong will and potential for dominance. They thrive in homes with experienced owners who can provide consistent training, socialization, and leadership.

Interestingly, some Akita owners have observed similarities between their dogs and cats. Like cats, Akitas can be independent, aloof with strangers, and meticulous groomers, often cleaning themselves in a cat-like manner.

Physical Characteristics

Akitas are a large and powerful breed with a distinctive Spitz-type appearance. They have a thick double coat that provides insulation in cold weather. Their coat comes in various colors, including white, brindle, and pinto.

Breed Standards

The Akita breed standard outlines the ideal physical characteristics of the breed. This includes a powerful, muscular build with a broad head, erect, pointed ears that are small in relation to the head size, and a large curved tail carried over the back or curled against the flank. Except for white Akitas, all should have a distinct mask, which is a dark area around the muzzle.

Here are some key physical characteristics of Akitas:

Size: Males typically stand 26 to 28 inches tall and weigh 100 to 130 pounds, while females stand 24 to 26 inches tall and weigh 70 to 100 pounds.
Head: Akitas have a broad head with a short muzzle, small eyes, and erect, triangular ears.
Tail: Their full and fluffy tail curls over their back, adding to their striking appearance.
Coat: The Akita’s double coat consists of a dense undercoat and a harsher outer coat, providing protection from the elements.

As a Spitz breed, the Akita shares characteristics with other northern dogs like the Pomeranian and Samoyed. These include a wolflike or foxlike head, a dense double coat, erect, pointed ears, and a tail that curves over the back. These features are typical of dogs bred for cold climates, providing insulation and protection from the elements.

Health and Care Needs

Akitas are generally healthy dogs with a lifespan of 10 to 14 years. However, like all breeds, they are prone to certain health conditions. Some common health concerns in Akitas include:

Hip Dysplasia: An inherited condition that affects the hip joint, potentially leading to arthritis and lameness.
Hypothyroidism: An underactive thyroid gland that can cause weight gain, lethargy, and skin problems.
Eye Problems: Akitas may be prone to various eye conditions, including progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), glaucoma, and entropion.
Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV): Also known as bloat, this is a life-threatening condition that can occur in large-chested dogs.
Skin Problems: Akitas may experience skin issues such as sebaceous adenitis, an autoimmune skin disease.

Grooming:

Akitas have a thick double coat that requires regular grooming to prevent matting and excessive shedding. Brushing their coat at least once a week is recommended, and more frequent brushing is necessary during shedding seasons. Bathing should be done as needed, typically every few months.

Other Care Needs:

Dental Care: Regular teeth brushing is essential to maintain good oral hygiene.
Ear Care: Check and clean their ears regularly to prevent wax buildup and infections.
Nail Care: Trim their nails as needed to prevent overgrowth.

Training and Exercise Needs

Training:

Akitas are intelligent dogs, but their independent nature and strong will can make training challenging. They require experienced owners who can provide consistent and firm training using positive reinforcement techniques. Due to their strong will and potential for dominance, early socialization and training are critical for Akitas. This helps them develop into well-behaved companions and prevents potential aggression towards other dogs or people.

Exercise:

Akitas are an active breed that needs regular exercise to stay healthy and happy. They require a minimum of one hour of exercise daily, which can include brisk walks, jogs, playtime, and interactive games. Akitas also benefit from mental stimulation, such as puzzle toys and obedience training.

Suitability for Homes and Families

Akitas can be wonderful companions in the right homes, but they are not suitable for every family. Due to their size, strength, and potential for dominance, they are best suited for experienced dog owners who can provide consistent training and leadership.

Akitas and Children:

While Akitas can be affectionate with their family, they may not be the best choice for families with young children. Their size and strength can pose a risk to small children, and they may not tolerate rough play or unintentional mistreatment. It’s important to debunk the myth that Akitas were traditionally used as “nanny dogs” in Japan. While they may be good with children in some cases, their temperament and protective instincts require careful consideration and supervision. If you have young children, it’s crucial to carefully consider whether an Akita is the right fit for your family.

Akitas and Other Pets:

Akitas can be aggressive towards other dogs, especially those of the same sex. Early socialization is essential, but even with proper socialization, caution is necessary when introducing an Akita to other dogs. They also have a strong prey drive and may not be suitable for homes with small pets such as cats or rodents.

It’s important to be aware of the Akita’s strong guarding instincts. While this makes them excellent protectors, it can also lead to protectiveness, even towards family members, if the dog is not properly socialized and trained.

Conclusion

Akita dogs are a captivating breed with a rich history and unique personality traits. They are loyal, courageous, and protective, making them excellent companions for the right owners. However, their independent nature, strong will, and potential for dominance require experienced owners who can provide consistent training and leadership. Early socialization is crucial to prevent aggression and ensure they are well-behaved around other dogs and people. Akitas thrive in homes where they can receive the attention, exercise, and mental stimulation they need. While they may not be suitable for every family, especially those with young children or other small pets, Akitas can form deep bonds with their families and become devoted companions for those who understand and appreciate their unique characteristics.